Complex brain functions-Sleep, emotion and addiction

Sleep and wakefulness

1. Sleep QS:
2. Lifespan:
3. Circadian Rhythms
   1. cycles:
   2.  A set of cells in a nucleus of the hypothalamus called the Suprachiasmatic nucleus that contain a molecular clock— this molecular clock is responsible for generating our circadian rhythm.注：The suprachiasmatic nucleus which is in the hypothalamus, and it’s the regulator of circadian rhythms.
   3. Mechanism：注：The Hypothalami circuit at just the appropriate time during out circadian cycle can lead to the production of melatonin by the Pineal gland. And melatonin is a very important hormone. It begins to prompt a transition. from wakefulness towards drowsiness and eventually sleep.
4. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
   1. EEG:Normal patterns of electroencephalographic activity generally fall into four recognized frequency bands.Beginning with the lowest frequency bands we can see healthy brain oscillating. And very large amplitude, very slow waves in what’s called the Delta band, this is one to four cycles per second, one to four hertz. This as we’ll see is indicative of the deepest stage of sleep.The next highest band of activity that is recognized is called the theta band and this is a rhythm between 4 and 7 hertz. Theta activity is consistent with being awake and perhaps being engaged in some sort of active exploration of your surroundings. Next we have the alpha band, the alpha rhythms. Alpha is between 8 and about 13 hertz. And the alpha rhythms seem to be a prominent feature of our sensory cortical areas, especially when those cortical areas are.
5. Neural Circuits That Govern Sleep and Wakefulness
   1. Brain states:
   2. Body states:
   3. 
   4. Circuits:注：红色是wakefulness，蓝色是sleeping
6. Sleep disorders:

Limbic forebrain, emotion and addiction

1. Overview of limbic forebrain 注：Which of the following statements best differentiates the hippocampus from the amygdala?——
2. Neurobiology of Emotion
   1. What is emotion?
   2. summary:
   3. Processing:
   4. Between secondary and primary reinforces:
      1. Key brain systems:
      2. Fear-conditioning:注： What we’ve learned from patient SM is that, in the human brain the amygdala is an important center for the experience and expression of emotion especially the emotion of fear.
   5. Orbital-medial prefrontal cortex
      1. Functions:
      2. Injury about this cortex:Testing:
   6. Feelings:
      1. Neurobiology:
      2. Summary:
3. Reward and Addiction
   1. Emotion and reward:
   2. Addiction:
   3. 问:Based on current evidence from studies of animal models of addiction, what do you expect to happen in the brain of a person who is addicted to cocaine when this person enters a room that happens to have drug paraphernalia on a table in plain site?——

Summary：

1.